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Ĭhicano had "lost its fire", as summarized by Earl Shorris. government and Mexican American political elites in the Hispanic Caucus who wanted to encourage assimilation into 'mainstream' American society by departing from the radical politics of Chicano identity and separate themselves from what they saw as the 'militant' Black Caucus. Hispanic emerged from a collaboration between the U.S. The identity experienced a further decline by the late 1970s and 1980s as assimilation and economic mobility became a goal of many Mexican Americans in an era of conservatism, who instead identified as Hispanic. government agencies, informants, and agent provocateurs, such as through COINTELPRO, a hyper-fixation on masculine pride and machismo which excluded Chicanas and queer Chicanos from the movement, as well as fading interest in Chicano nationalist constructs such as Aztlán. The Chicano Movement faltered by the mid-1970s as a result of state surveillance, infiltration, and repression by U.S. Chicano youth in barrios rejected cultural assimilation into whiteness and embraced their identity and worldview as a form of empowerment and resistance. Chicano Movement leaders collaborated with Black Power movement. Chicano was widely reclaimed in the 1960s and 1970s to express political empowerment, ethnic solidarity, and pride in being of Indigenous descent (with many using the Nahuatl language as a symbol), diverging from the more assimilationist Mexican American identity. While Mexican-American identity emerged to encourage assimilation into White American society and separate the community from African-American political struggle, Chicano identity emerged among anti-assimilationist youth, some of whom belonged to the Pachuco subculture, who claimed the term (which had previously been a classist and racist slur). The label Chicano is sometimes used interchangeably with Mexican American, although the terms have different meanings. El Paso's Second Ward, a Chicano neighborhood (1972)Ĭhicano or Chicana is a chosen identity for many Mexican Americans in the United States.